Retinol exhibits powerful anti ageing action by increasing the production of keratinocytes (cells which produce keratin), endothelial cells (increases dermal vascularity) and fibroblasts (synthesizes collagen and extracellular matrix). This in turn leads to: • Thickening of the epidermis • Stimulation of collagen production • Increase in skin firmness • Increase in cellular renewal • Decrease in fine lines and wrinkles. Retinol has shown to: • Inhibit UV induced Matrix Metalloproteinases (enzymes which degrade collagen and prevent new collagen production) • Regulate oil production and reduce acne/blemishes • Reduce collagenase • Brighten skin tone • Even out skin tone • Increase wound healing • Considerably reduce erythema, irritation, TEWL, compared to tretinoin / retinoid acid. Retinol boosts the effects of hydroxy acid peels due to increased cellular renewal, increased epidermal healing and enhanced penetration of the peeling agent