Our gold standard 5% L-Mandelic Serum is an alpha hydroxy acid serum that contains the chirally correct versions of both l-mandelic acid and l-lactic acid. L-Mandelic acid has a larger molecular weight than other alpha hydroxy acids slowing down epidermal penetration resulting in a more even exfoliation with less irritation. L-Mandelic Acid: Alpha hydroxy acid that has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-fungal properties, improves the appearance of pigmentation L-Lactic Acid: Alpha hydroxy acid that has hydrating, exfoliating, and pigment reducing properties Sodium Hyaluronate (L): Moisturizing properties and attracts and holds water in the skin Niacinamide: Antioxidant that supports moisture retention and improves the appearance of skin tone and texture